Review: Membrane tethers control plasmodesmal function and formation

Cell-to-cell communication is crucial in coordinating diverse biological processes multicellular organisms. In plants, between adjacent cells occurs via nanotubular passages called plasmodesmata (PD). The PD passage composed of an appressed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) internally, and plasma membrane (PM) externally, that traverses the cell wall, associates with actin-cytoskeleton. coordination ER, PM cytoskeleton plays a potential role maintaining architecture conductivity PD. Many data suggest PD-associated proteins can serve as tethers connect these structures functional PD, to regulate cell-to-cell communication. this review, we summarize organization regulation activity tethering proteins, discuss importance PD-mediated plant development defense against environmental stress.